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      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Hi all,<br>
        we tried mainly three approaches to allow smoother interop
        between strings and string templates: (a) make String a subclass
        of StringTemplate. Or (b) make constant strings bs <em>convertible</em>
        to string templates. Or, (c) use target-typing. All these
        approaches have some issues, discussed below.<br>
      </p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">The first approach is
        slightly simpler, because it can be achieved entirely outside of
        the Java language. Unfortunately, adding “String implements
        StringTemplate” adds overload ambiguities in cases such as this:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;">format(StringTemplate) // 1
format(String, Object...) // 2
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">This is actually a
        very important case, as we predice that StringTemplate will
        serve as a great replacement for methods out there accepting a
        string/Object… pack.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Unfortunatly, if
        String <: StringTemplate, this means that calling format with
        a string literal will resolve to (1), not (2) as before. The
        problem here is that (2) is not even applicable during the two
        overload resolution phases (which is only allowed to use
        subtyping and conversions, respectively), as it is a varargs
        method. Because of this, (1) will now take the precedence, as
        that’s not varargs. While for String::format this is probably
        harmless, changing results of overload selection is something
        that should be done with care (esp. if different overloads have
        different return types), as it could lead to source
        compatibility issues.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">On top of these
        issues, making all strings be string templates has the
        disadvantage of also considering “messy” strings obtained via
        concatenation of non-constant values string templates too, which
        seems bad.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">To overcome these
        issues, we attempetd to add an implicit conversion from <em>constant</em>
        strings to StringTemplate. As it was observed by Guy, in case of
        ambiguities, the non-converting variants (e.g. m(String)) would
        be preferred. That said, in the above example (with varargs) we
        would still get a potentially incompatible change - as a string
        literal would be applicable in (1) before (2) is even
        considered, so the same concerns surrounding overload resolution
        changes would remain.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Another thing that
        came up is that conversions automatically bring in casting
        conversions. E.g. if you can go from A to B using assignment
        conversion, you can typically go the same direction using
        casting conversion. This raises two issues. The first is that
        casting conversion is generally a symmetric type relationship
        (e.g. if you can cast from A to B, then you can cast from B to
        A), while here we’re mostly discussing about one direction. But
        this is, perhaps, not a big deal - after all, “constant strings”
        don’t have a denotable type, so perhaps it should come to no
        surprise that you can’t use them as a <em>target</em> type for
        a cast.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">The second “issue” is
        that casting conversion brings about patterns, as that’s how
        pattern applicability is defined. For instance:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;">switch("Hello") {
    case StringTemplate st ...
}
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">To make this work we
        would need at least to tweak exhaustiveness (otherwise javac
        would think the above switch is not exhaustive, and ask you to
        add a default). Secondly, some tweaks to the runtime tests would
        be required also. Not impossible, but would require some more
        work to make sure we’re ok with this direction.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Another issue with
        the conversion is that it would expose a sharp edge in the
        current overload resolution and inference machinery. For
        instance, this program doesn’t compile correctly:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;"> List<Integer> li = List.of(1, 1L)
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Similarly, this
        program would also not compile correctly:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;"> List<StringTemplate> li = List.of("Hello", "Hello \{world}");
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">The last possibility
        would be to say that a string literal is a <em>poly expression</em>.
        As such, a string literal can be typed to either String or
        StringTemplate depending on the target type (for instance, this
        is close to how int literals also work).</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">This approach would
        still suffer from the same incompatible overload changes with
        varargs method as the other approaches. But, by avoiding to add
        a conversion, it makes things a little easier: for instance, in
        the case of pattern matching, nothing needs to be done, as the
        string literal will be turned into a string template <em>before</em>
        the switch even takes place (meaning that existing
        exhaustiveness and runtime checks would still work). But,
        there’s still dragons and irregularities when it comes to
        inference - for instance:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;">List<StringTemplate> lst = List.of("hello", "world");
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">This would not
        type-check: we need a target-type to know which way the literal
        is going (List::of just accepts a type-variable X). Note that
        overload resolution happens at a time where the target-type is
        not known, so here we’d probably pick X = String, which will
        then fail to type-check against the target.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Another issue with
        target-typing is that if you have two overloads:</p>
      <pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;">m(String)
m(StringTemplate)
</code></pre>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">And you call this
        with a string literal, you get an ambiguity: you can go both
        ways, but String and StringTemplate are unrelated types, so we
        can’t pick one as “most specific”. This issue could be
        addressed, in principle, by adding an ad-hoc most specific rule
        that, in case of an ambiguity, always gave precedence to String
        over StringTemplate. We do a similar trick for lambda
        expressions, where if two method accepts similarly looking
        functional interface, we give precedence to the non-boxing one.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Anyway, the general
        message here is that it’s a bit of a “pick your posion”
        situation. Adding a more fluid relationship between string and
        templates is definitively possible, but there are risks that
        this will impact negatively other areas of the language, risks
        that would need to be assessed very carefully.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Another, simpler,
        option we consider was to use some kind of prefix to mark a
        string template literal (e.g. make that explicit, instead of
        resorting to language wizardry). That works, but has the
        disadvantage of breaking the spell that there is only “one
        string literal”, which is something we have worked quite hard to
        achieve.</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Cheers<br>
        Maurizio</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">On 09/03/2024 23:52,
        Brian Goetz wrote:</p>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;"></p>
      <div class="markdown-here-exclude">
        <p></p>
        <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:B6E205D1-C0BE-4506-A06C-7DF03A3910C1@oracle.com">
          <pre>I’ll let Maurizio give the details, because I’m sure I will have forgotten one or two.
</pre>
        </blockquote>
        <p></p>
      </div>
      <p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;"></p>
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