RFR: 8277204: Implement PAC-RET branch protection on Linux/AArch64 [v18]

[Andrew Haley]

On Thu, 3 Feb 2022 16:51:48 GMT, Alan Hayward <duke at openjdk.java.net> wrote:

>> PAC is an optional feature in AArch64 8.3 and is compulsory in v9. One
>> of its uses is to protect against ROP based attacks. This is done by
>> signing the Link Register whenever it is stored on the stack, and
>> authenticating the value when it is loaded back from the stack. If an
>> attacker were to try to change control flow by editing the stack then
>> the authentication check of the Link Register will fail, causing a
>> segfault when the function returns.
>> 
>> On a system with PAC enabled, it is expected that all applications will
>> be compiled with ROP protection. Fedora 33 and upwards already provide
>> this. By compiling for ARMv8.0, GCC and LLVM will only use the set of
>> PAC instructions that exist in the NOP space - on hardware without PAC,
>> these instructions act as NOPs, allowing backward compatibility for
>> negligible performance cost (2 NOPs per non-leaf function).
>> 
>> Hardware is currently limited to the Apple M1 MacBooks. All testing has
>> been done within a Fedora Docker image. A run of SpecJVM showed no
>> difference to that of noise - which was surprising.
>> 
>> The most important part of this patch is simply compiling using branch
>> protection provided by GCC/LLVM. This protects all C++ code from being
>> used in ROP attacks, removing all static ROP gadgets from use.
>> 
>> The remainder of the patch adds ROP protection to runtime generated
>> code, in both stubs and compiled Java code. Attacks here are much harder
>> as ROP gadgets must be found dynamically at runtime. If/when AOT
>> compilation is added to JDK, then all stubs and compiled Java will be
>> susceptible ROP gadgets being found by static analysis and therefore
>> potentially as vulnerable as C++ code.
>> 
>> There are a number of places where the VM changes control flow by
>> rewriting the stack or otherwise. I’ve done some analysis as to how
>> these could also be used for attacks (which I didn’t want to post here).
>> These areas can be protected ensuring the pointers to various stubs and
>> entry points are stored in memory as signed pointers. These changes are
>> simple to make (they can be reduced to a type change in common code and
>> a few addition sign/auth calls in the backend), but there a lot of them
>> and the total code change is fairly large. I’m happy to provide a few
>> work in progress patches.
>> 
>> In order to match the security benefits of the Apple Arm64e ABI across
>> the whole of JDK, then all the changes mentioned above would be
>> required.
>
> Alan Hayward has updated the pull request incrementally with one additional commit since the last revision:
> 
>   Documentation updates

src/hotspot/os_cpu/linux_aarch64/pauth_linux_aarch64.inline.hpp line 57:

> 55:     register address r17 __asm("r17") = ret_addr;
> 56:     register address r16 __asm("r16") = sp;
> 57:     asm volatile (PACIA1716 : "+r"(r17) : "r"(r16));

I don't see the point of `volatile` here, any more than you'd use volatile on an addition. `volatile` is when you have a side effect you care about.

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PR: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/6334