New portion of improvements for Dual-Pivot Quicksort

Vladimir Iaroslavski iaroslavski at mail.ru
Fri May 21 14:38:51 UTC 2010


Hello,

I prepared version with your changes "Skip the last negative
value (if any) or all leading negative" and with my optimization
for all types. I added two while loops before partitioning to
skip elements, less than pivot1 and greater than pivot2:

if (pivot1 != pivot2) {
     /* ... */
     a[e2] = a[less];
     a[e4] = a[great];

++  while (a[++less] < pivot1);
++  while (a[--great] > pivot2);

     /* ... */
     outer:
     for (int k = less; k <= great; k++) {
       ...
     }

Here is benchmark result (in compare with quicksort from JDK 6):

                    client   server
                    ------   ------
previous version:  60.70%   48.20%
  current version:  57.22%   46.18%

So, we win 2-3% !

Thank you,
Vladimir

Dmytro Sheyko wrote:
> Hi Vladimir,
> 
> I tried to figure out why the testcase failed on my modification. It 
> appeared that number of negative zeros were changed during general sort.
> As I can see you already fixed this issue. Well, my modification was 
> based on assumption that we can speed up eliminating explicit array 
> range checks.
> However, such assumption is wrong because Hotspot anyway emits range 
> checks at its discretion and therefore processZeros generally does not 
> work as fast as I expected.
> So complications I made are not worth doing.
> 
> As for the latest code you posted. Doesn't it make sense to skip leading 
> negative zeros before farther processing? In this case we avoid 
> unnecessary assigning +0.0 and then -0.0 to the same location a[k] (i.e. 
> where k == p).
> 
>         /*
>          * Skip the last negative value (if any) or all leading negative 
> zeros
>          */
>         while (left <= right && Double.doubleToRawLongBits(a[left]) < 0) {
>             left++;
>         }
> 
>         for (int k = left + 1, p = left; k <= right; k++) {
>             double ak = a[k];
>             if (ak != 0.0d) {
>                 return;
>             }
>             if (Double.doubleToRawLongBits(ak) < 0) { // ak is -0.0d
>                 a[k] = 0.0d;
>                 a[p++] = -0.0d;
>             }
>         }
> 
> Thank you,
> Dmytro Sheyko
> 
> 
>  > Date: Wed, 19 May 2010 14:41:32 +0400
>  > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > Subject: Re: New portion of improvements for Dual-Pivot Quicksort
>  > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net
>  >
>  > resend the class with correct constructor
>  >
>  > Vladimir Iaroslavski wrote:
>  > > Dmytro,
>  > >
>  > > Thank you for comments, I updated double method, did little bit
>  > > javadoc changes and replaced in char/short/byte methods
>  > > "fromIndex -> left", "toIndex-1 -> right", the code became
>  > > consistent with main sort method and more compact. Also I use
>  > > more usual "i--" and "i++" in for loops (instead of "--i", "++i.
>  > >
>  > > To accent the difference between float/double and other types,
>  > > I put comment where it is important:
>  > >
>  > > /*
>  > > * In spite of a[great] == pivot1, the assignment
>  > > * a[less++] = pivot1 may be incorrect, if a[great]
>  > > * and pivot1 are floating-point zeros of different
>  > > * signs, therefore in float/double methods we have
>  > > * to use more accurate assignment a[k] = a[great].
>  > > */
>  > > a[less++] = pivot1;
>  > >
>  > > and for double/float:
>  > >
>  > > /*
>  > > .....
>  > > */
>  > > a[k] = a[great];
>  > >
>  > > See updated version in attachment.
>  > >
>  > > Thank you,
>  > > Vladimir
>  > >
>  > > Dmytro Sheyko wrote:
>  > >> Vladimir,
>  > >>
>  > >> I can see that you changed sortNegZeroAndNaN(float[]...) but probably
>  > >> forgot to change sortNegZeroAndNaN(double[]...).
>  > >>
>  > >> You really puzzled me with failed testcase and note that sorting
>  > >> algorithm (without special attention to zeros) generally may change
>  > >> number of negative zeros.
>  > >> I will provide my comments later.
>  > >>
>  > >> As for counting sort, I think we should use single format style over
>  > >> the file (unless we have valuable reason not to do this). I mean to
>  > >> choose
>  > >> 1)
>  > >> if (toIndex - fromIndex >
>  > >> COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR) {
>  > >> countingSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
>  > >> return;
>  > >> }
>  > >> sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, true);
>  > >> 2)
>  > >> if (toIndex - fromIndex >
>  > >> COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR) {
>  > >> countingSort(a, fromIndex, toIndex);
>  > >> } else {
>  > >> sort(a, fromIndex, toIndex - 1, true);
>  > >> }
>  > >> I prefer the second one.
>  > >>
>  > >> Thanks a lot,
>  > >> Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >>
>  > >> > Date: Tue, 18 May 2010 18:57:50 +0400
>  > >> > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > Subject: Re: New portion of improvements for Dual-Pivot Quicksort
>  > >> > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > >> > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Hello,
>  > >> >
>  > >> > I've run your modification for counting sort, it real faster.
>  > >> > I attached new version with your changes (I did little bit
>  > >> > format it) and included my case with float/double.
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Note that you modification doesn't pass test from Sorting class,
>  > >> > which I sent earlier. It fails on float/double test:
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Test #3: random = 666, len = 34, a = 0, g = 6, z = 9, n = 10, p = 9
>  > >> >
>  > >> > I suggest shorter method (which is based on your idea to skip 
> counting
>  > >> > negative zeros on Phase 1.): I found find first zero index (or 
> it will
>  > >> > be index of first positive element if no zeros at all, or last
>  > >> negative,
>  > >> > if no positive and zero elements) and then swap negative zero to the
>  > >> > beginning of the sub-range.
>  > >> >
>  > >> > int hi = right;
>  > >> >
>  > >> > while (left < hi) {
>  > >> > int middle = (left + hi) >>> 1;
>  > >> > float middleValue = a[middle];
>  > >> >
>  > >> > if (middleValue < 0.0f) {
>  > >> > left = middle + 1;
>  > >> > } else {
>  > >> > hi = middle;
>  > >> > }
>  > >> > }
>  > >> >
>  > >> > for (int k = left, p = left; k <= right; k++) {
>  > >> > float ak = a[k];
>  > >> > if (ak != 0.0f) {
>  > >> > return;
>  > >> > }
>  > >> > if (Float.floatToRawIntBits(ak) < 0) { // ak is -0.0f
>  > >> > a[k] = +0.0f;
>  > >> > a[p++] = -0.0f;
>  > >> > }
>  > >> > }
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Important note: in partitioning loop there are several places
>  > >> > (marked by // !) where potential bug with -0.0 could be
>  > >> > (when pivot and a[great] are zeros with different signs):
>  > >> >
>  > >> > if (a[great] == pivot1) {
>  > >> > a[k] = a[less];
>  > >> > - a[less++] = pivot1; // !
>  > >> > + a[less++] = a[great];
>  > >> > } else { // pivot1 < a[great] < pivot2
>  > >> > a[k] = a[great];
>  > >> > }
>  > >> > - a[great--] = pivot2; // !
>  > >> > + a[great--] = ak;
>  > >> > } else if (ak == pivot1) { // Move a[k] to left part
>  > >> > a[k] = a[less];
>  > >> > - a[less++] = pivot1; // !
>  > >> > + a[less++] = ak;
>  > >> > }
>  > >> >
>  > >> > and the same in "Pivots are equal" branch.
>  > >> >
>  > >> > I did changes "pivot1/2 -> ak" in methods for all types
>  > >> > and "pivot1 -> a[great]" in float/double sections only.
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Please, review format changes for counting sort and new version
>  > >> > of Phase 3 for float/double.
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Thank you,
>  > >> > Vladimir
>  > >> >
>  > >> > Dmytro Sheyko wrote:
>  > >> > > Hi,
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > About counting sort again.
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > 1. This condition "i < count.length && k <= right" is excessive.
>  > >> Any one
>  > >> > > conjunct is enough. "k <= right" seems better.
>  > >> > > 2. No need to calculate "short value = (short) (i +
>  > >> Short.MIN_VALUE)"
>  > >> > > when "count[i]" is zero.
>  > >> > > 3. For signed primitives (byte and short) we would better loop
>  > >> backward.
>  > >> > > Thanks to "k >= fromIndex" condition we will quit looping earlier
>  > >> > > assuming that typically we work with positive numbers.
>  > >> > > For unsigned primitives (char) we would better loop forward 
> because
>  > >> > > typically we work with characters about zero (ASCII).
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > - for (int i = 0, k = left; i < count.length && k <= right; i++) {
>  > >> > > - short value = (short) (i + Short.MIN_VALUE);
>  > >> > > - for (int s = count[i]; s > 0; s--) {
>  > >> > > - a[k++] = value;
>  > >> > > - }
>  > >> > > - }
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > + for (int i = NUM_SHORT_VALUES - 1, k = toIndex - 1; k >=
>  > >> > > fromIndex; --i) {
>  > >> > > + while (count[i] == 0) --i;
>  > >> > > + short value = (short) (i + Short.MIN_VALUE);
>  > >> > > + int s = count[i];
>  > >> > > + do { a[k--] = value; } while (--s > 0);
>  > >> > > + }
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > Thanks,
>  > >> > > Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >> > >
>  > >> > > > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > >> > > > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net; iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > Subject: Re[2]: New portion of improvements for Dual-Pivot
>  > >> Quicksort
>  > >> > > > Date: Tue, 18 May 2010 01:11:19 +0400
>  > >> > > >
>  > >> > > > Sounds good!
>  > >> > > > Will consider too...
>  > >> > > >
>  > >> > > > Mon, 17 May 2010 22:24:11 +0700 письмо от Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >> > > <dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com>:
>  > >> > > >
>  > >> > > > > Hi,
>  > >> > > > >
>  > >> > > > > Regarding counting sort. We can check whether we should
>  > >> switch to
>  > >> > > counting sort only once in the beginning.
>  > >> > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > Date: Mon, 17 May 2010 17:30:37 +0400
>  > >> > > > > > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > Subject: Re: New portion of improvements for Dual-Pivot
>  > >> Quicksort
>  > >> > > > > > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > >> > > > > > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net
>  > >> > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > Hello,
>  > >> > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > Thank you for review, I'll check and run tests again 
> with you
>  > >> > > changes.
>  > >> > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > Thank you,
>  > >> > > > > > Vladimir
>  > >> > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > Dmytro Sheyko wrote:
>  > >> > > > > > > Hello,
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > More ideas.
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > 1. We can use
>  > >> > > > > > > Double.doubleToRawLongBits instead of
>  > >> Double.doubleToLongBits and
>  > >> > > > > > > Float.floatToRawIntBits instead of Float.floatToIntBits.
>  > >> > > > > > > No need to handle NaN's because they all are placed to
>  > >> the end
>  > >> > > of array.
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > 2. Note that
>  > >> > > > > > > Double.doubleToRawLongBits(+0.0) == 0L and
>  > >> > > > > > > Double.doubleToRawLongBits(-0.0) == Long.MIN_VALUE and
>  > >> > > > > > > Float.floatToRawIntBits(+0.0) == 0 and
>  > >> > > > > > > Float.floatToRawIntBits(-0.0) == Integer.MIN_VALUE.
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > Comparing with is zero usually more efficient (or at
>  > >> least not
>  > >> > > worse)
>  > >> > > > > > > than with other values. Thus such pattern
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > if (ak == 0.0f && NEGATIVE_ZERO == 
> Float.floatToIntBits(ak))
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > can be replaced with
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > if (ak == 0.0f && Float.floatToIntBits(ak) < 0)
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > 3. It would be more efficient to count negative zeros 
> after
>  > >> > > sorting.
>  > >> > > > > > > General sorting algorithm puts both negative and positive
>  > >> zeros
>  > >> > > together
>  > >> > > > > > > (but maybe not in right order).
>  > >> > > > > > > Therefore we have to process less elements because
>  > >> usually we
>  > >> > > have less
>  > >> > > > > > > zeros than other numbers.
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > Thanks,
>  > >> > > > > > > Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >> > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com; jjb at google.com
>  > >> > > > > > > > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net; iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > Subject: Re[6]: New portion of improvements for 
> Dual-Pivot
>  > >> > > Quicksort
>  > >> > > > > > > > Date: Fri, 14 May 2010 23:54:06 +0400
>  > >> > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > Hello,
>  > >> > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > I've updated the class, please, review the changes.
>  > >> > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > Vladimir
>  > >> > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > Fri, 14 May 2010 01:48:11 +0700 письмо от Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >> > > > > > > <dmytro_sheyko at hotmail..com>:
>  > >> > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > Yes. I prefer F (Find First zero using binary search)
>  > >> over
>  > >> > > C (Count
>  > >> > > > > > > negatives) and S (Smart Scan for zero).
>  > >> > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > To: dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > CC: jjb at google.com; core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net;
>  > >> > > > > > > iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Subject: Re[4]: New portion of improvements for
>  > >> > > Dual-Pivot Quicksort
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Date: Thu, 13 May 2010 21:34:54 +0400
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Dmytro,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > I've tested your suggested variants, and found that
>  > >> case "C"
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > (very interesting approach to find first position
>  > >> of zero
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > by counting negative elements) works slower than
>  > >> original
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > or two other cases.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Implementations "F" and "S" are very close to each
>  > >> other
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > and little bit faster than original. I prefer case
>  > >> "F":
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > it is shorter and more clear. Do you agree?
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > I'll prepare updated DualPivotQuicksort file and
>  > >> send it
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > tomorrow.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Thank you,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Vladimir
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > Wed, 12 May 2010 17:04:52 +0700 письмо от Dmytro
>  > >> Sheyko
>  > >> > > > > > > <dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com>:
>  > >> > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Vladimir,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Your changes are good for me.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Additionally I have some comments/proposals
>  > >> regarding
>  > >> > > dealing
>  > >> > > > > > > with negative zeros.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > 1. Scanning for the first zero we can avoid range
>  > >> check
>  > >> > > (i >=
>  > >> > > > > > > left) if we have at least one negative value.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > --- DualPivotQuicksort.java Tue May 11 
> 09:04:19 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > +++ DualPivotQuicksortS.java Wed May 12 12:10:46
>  > >> 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1705,10 +1705,15 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > // Find first zero element
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - int zeroIndex = findAnyZero(a, left, n);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + int zeroIndex = 0;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - for (int i = zeroIndex - 1; i >= left && a[i] ==
>  > >> > > 0.0f; i--) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - zeroIndex = i;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + if (a[left] < 0.0f) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + zeroIndex = findAnyZero(a, left, n);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > +
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + // there is at least one negative value, so 
> range
>  > >> > > check is
>  > >> > > > > > > not needed
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + for (int i = zeroIndex - 1; /*i >= left &&*/
>  > >> a[i] ==
>  > >> > > 0.0f; i--) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + zeroIndex = i;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > // Turn the right number of positive zeros 
> back into
>  > >> > > negative zeros
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > 2. We can find the position of the first zero by
>  > >> counting
>  > >> > > > > > > negative values during preprocessing phase.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > --- DualPivotQuicksort.java Tue May 11 
> 09:04:19 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > +++ DualPivotQuicksortC.java Wed May 12 12:01:24
>  > >> 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1678,7 +1678,7 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > * Phase 1: Count negative zeros and move NaNs to
>  > >> end of
>  > >> > > array.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > */
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > final int NEGATIVE_ZERO =
>  > >> Float.floatToIntBits(-0.0f);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - int numNegativeZeros = 0;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + int numNegativeZeros = 0, numNegativeValues = 0;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > int n = right;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > for (int k = left; k <= n; k++) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1689,6 +1689,8 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > } else if (ak != ak) { // i.e., ak is NaN
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > a[k--] = a[n];
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > a[n--] = Float.NaN;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + } else if (ak < 0.0f) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + numNegativeValues++;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1705,7 +1707,7 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > // Find first zero element
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - int zeroIndex = findAnyZero(a, left, n);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + int zeroIndex = numNegativeValues;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > for (int i = zeroIndex - 1; i >= left && a[i] ==
>  > >> 0.0f;
>  > >> > > i--) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > zeroIndex = i;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > 3. We can use binary search to find the first
>  > >> zero and
>  > >> > > thus
>  > >> > > > > > > avoid linear scan.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > --- DualPivotQuicksort.java Tue May 11 
> 09:04:19 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > +++ DualPivotQuicksortF.java Wed May 12 12:03:58
>  > >> 2010
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1705,11 +1705,7 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > // Find first zero element
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - int zeroIndex = findAnyZero(a, left, n);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > -
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - for (int i = zeroIndex - 1; i >= left && a[i] ==
>  > >> > > 0.0f; i--) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - zeroIndex = i;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + int zeroIndex = findFirstZero(a, left, n);
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > // Turn the right number of positive zeros 
> back into
>  > >> > > negative zeros
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > for (int i = zeroIndex, m = zeroIndex +
>  > >> > > numNegativeZeros; i <
>  > >> > > > > > > m; i++) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1718,7 +1714,7 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > /**
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - * Returns the index of some zero element in the
>  > >> > > specified
>  > >> > > > > > > range via
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + * Returns the index of the first zero element
>  > >> in the
>  > >> > > > > > > specified range via
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > * binary search. The range is assumed to be
>  > >> sorted, and
>  > >> > > must
>  > >> > > > > > > contain
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > * at least one zero.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > *
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > @@ -1726,18 +1722,17 @@
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > * @param low the index of the first element,
>  > >> inclusive,
>  > >> > > to be
>  > >> > > > > > > searched
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > * @param high the index of the last element,
>  > >> inclusive,
>  > >> > > to be
>  > >> > > > > > > searched
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > */
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - private static int findAnyZero(float[] a, 
> int low,
>  > >> > > int high) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - while (true) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + private static int findFirstZero(float[] a, int
>  > >> low,
>  > >> > > int high) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + while (low < high) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > int middle = (low + high) >>> 1;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > float middleValue = a[middle];
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > if (middleValue < 0.0f) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > low = middle + 1;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - } else if (middleValue > 0.0f) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - high = middle - 1;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - } else { // middleValue == 0.0f
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > - return middle;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + } else { // middleValue >= 0.0f
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + high = middle;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > + return low;
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > }
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Counting negative values appeared more expensive
>  > >> than
>  > >> > > any other
>  > >> > > > > > > variants.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > The last proposal seems to me as efficient as the
>  > >> current
>  > >> > > > > > > solution is in its worst case - when we have only one
>  > >> negative
>  > >> > > zero (in
>  > >> > > > > > > the half of array).
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > And it shows the best result if we have many 
> zeros.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Regards,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > Dmytro Sheyko
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > From: iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > To: jjb at google.com; dmytro_sheyko at hotmail.com
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > CC: core-libs-dev at openjdk.java.net;
>  > >> iaroslavski at mail.ru
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Subject: Re[2]: New portion of improvements for
>  > >> > > Dual-Pivot
>  > >> > > > > > > Quicksort
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Date: Sun, 9 May 2010 23:51:27 +0400
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Josh,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Dmytro,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > I have done more thoroughly testing "great -
>  > >> less > 5 *
>  > >> > > > > > > seventh" vs. "less < e1 && great > e5",
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > and found that more symmetric code "less < e1 &&
>  > >> > > great > e5"
>  > >> > > > > > > is little bit faster, ~0.5..0.7%
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > on both VMs. Other code has not been changed.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Please, take the latest version in attachment.
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Vladimir
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > Tue, 4 May 2010 21:57:42 -0700 письмо от Joshua
>  > >> Bloch
>  > >> > > > > > > <jjb at google.com>:
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > > Vladimir,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > > Old:
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >298 if (less < e1 && great > e5) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > > New:
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >256 if (great - less > 5 * seventh) {
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > >
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >Regards,
>  > >> > > > > > > > > > > > >Josh
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