RFR: 8365588: defineClass that accepts a ByteBuffer does not work as expected
Francesco Andreuzzi
fandreuzzi at openjdk.org
Tue Sep 30 15:52:11 UTC 2025
On Tue, 30 Sep 2025 07:54:20 GMT, Xueming Shen <sherman at openjdk.org> wrote:
> ### Background
>
> - ClassLoader.defineClass can receive class data in the form of arrays or ByteBuffers.
> - For array-backed data (defineClass1), a defensive copy is made before passing it to JVM_DefineClassWithSource().
> - For Direct-ByteBuffer variants (defineClass2), no defensive copy is made, which creates a risk that the underlying bytes could be modified while the JVM is processing them.
> - Although a caller could always modify a buffer before a defensive copy is made — a race condition that cannot be completely prevented — the **_main concern_** is ensuring that the JVM never processes class bytes that are being concurrently modified.
>
> ### Problem
>
> - Concurrent modification risk during processing: while we cannot prevent pre-copy modifications, we **_must prevent the JVM from using class bytes that are being modified concurrently._**
> - Performance concerns: defensive copies have a cost, especially for direct byte buffers. Making copies unnecessarily for trusted class loaders (like the built-in class loader) would hurt performance.
>
> ### Solution
>
> - Make a defensive copy of the direct byte-buffer only when the class loader is **NOT** a built-in/trusted class loader.
> - For the built-in class loader, skip the copy because the JVM can guarantee that the buffer contents remain intact.
>
> This approach ensures the integrity of class bytes processes for untrusted or custom class loaders while minimizing performance impact for trusted or built-in loaders.
>
> ### Benchmark
>
> A JMH benchmark has been added to measure the potential cost of the defensive copy. The results indicate that the performance impact is minimal and largely insignificant.
>
> **Before:**
>
>
> Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
> ClassLoaderDefineClass.testDefineClassByteBufferDirect avgt 15 8387.247 ± 1405.681 ns/op
> ClassLoaderDefineClass.testDefineClassByteBufferHeap avgt 15 8971.739 ± 1020.288 ns/op
> Finished running test 'micro:org.openjdk.bench.java.lang.ClassLoaderDefineClass'
> Test report is stored in /Users/xuemingshen/jdk26/build/macosx-aarch64/test-results/micro_org_openjdk_bench_java_lang_ClassLoaderDefineClass
>
>
> **After:**
>
>
> Benchmark Mode Cnt Score Error Units
> ClassLoaderDefineClass.testDefineClassByteBufferDirect avgt 15 8521.881 ± 2002.011 ns/op
> ClassLoaderDefineClass.testDefineClassByteBufferHeap avgt 15 9002.842 ± 1099.635 ns/op
> Finished running test 'mi...
test/jdk/java/lang/ClassLoader/defineClass/DefineClassDirectByteBuffer.java line 49:
> 47: public class DefineClassDirectByteBuffer {
> 48:
> 49: static String mode = System.getProperty("mode", "Direct");
Can this be `private static final`?
test/jdk/java/lang/ClassLoader/defineClass/DefineClassDirectByteBuffer.java line 142:
> 140: return HexFormat.of().parseHex(classBytesHex.replaceAll("\n", ""));
> 141: }
> 142: }
Missing newline
-------------
PR Review Comment: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/27569#discussion_r2390603165
PR Review Comment: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/27569#discussion_r2390605288
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