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<div dir="ltr">Since Sting instances are immutable Idendity should not matter and It is wrong in most cases to rely on string Idendity (==) and the APIs are intentionally not making any assertions about Idendity and/or interning of strings (also the most efficient
implementation would not return a new instance if not needed, this also applies to replace or escape or similar functions - just don’t rely on it).</div>
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<div dir="ltr">Gruss</div>
<div dir="ltr">Bernd</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" style="font-size:11pt" color="#000000"><b>Von:</b> core-libs-dev <core-libs-dev-retn@openjdk.org> im Auftrag von Sasi Peri <pvssasikala@gmail.com><br>
<b>Gesendet:</b> Monday, June 20, 2022 5:45:08 AM<br>
<b>An:</b> core-libs-dev@openjdk.org <core-libs-dev@openjdk.org><br>
<b>Betreff:</b> Re: Inconsistencies in the return value (type) of string functions toLower() and toUpper().</font>
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<li>Attaching the sample code file (same code copied inline in the above issue)</li><li>Tested with hotspot vm JDK 17 temu and adopt JDK 8, for the above non-deterministic behavior.</li><li>Also tested with opnJ9 (IBM, jdk8), which returned always a new String, so == comparison will always fail and only .equals will work.</li></ul>
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<div dir="ltr" class="x_gmail_attr">On Sun, Jun 19, 2022 at 11:29 PM Sasi Peri <<a href="mailto:pvssasikala@gmail.com">pvssasikala@gmail.com</a>> wrote:<br>
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<blockquote class="x_gmail_quote" style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; border-left:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); padding-left:1ex">
<div dir="ltr">Hello,
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<b>Issue details</b></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
toLower() and toUpper() return a new String object sometimes and sometimes a string literal, based on the input string type (and also sometimes based on the VM/jdk type)</p>
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</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
For example</p>
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-<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>HotSpot VM, If the input is a string literal, which *already* has all “lower case letters”, toLower would return the same string literal, if not it will convert all letters to lower and returns a new String() object.</p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
-<span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span>However, openJ9 (e.g. IBM jdk8 ditsro, ) always returns a new String object not a literal.</p>
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</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
This behavior is non deterministic, inconsistent, you cannot always predict if the outcome is a new string object OR an interned string from pool (particularly from unit testing stand point).</p>
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</p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b>Sample code to show case above behavior</b></p>
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<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">package</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> com.bugs;</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">import</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> java.util.Locale;</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">public</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">class</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> TestStringFunction
</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">{</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"> public</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">static</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">void</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> main(String
</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">args</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">[])</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> {</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> String </span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s1</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> =
</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"abc"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">;</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> String </span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s2</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> =
</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"ABC"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">;</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> System.</span><b><i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(0,0,192)">out</span></i></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.println(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"-----
case: when string already lower ----------"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black; background:rgb(212,212,212)"> testIfEqualsLower</span></i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s1</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> System.</span><b><i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(0,0,192)">out</span></i></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.println(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"-----
case: when string with upper case ----------"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black; background:rgb(212,212,212)"> testIfEqualsLower</span></i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s2</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> }</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"> private</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">static</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)">void</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">
<span style="background:rgb(212,212,212)">testIfEqualsLower</span>(String </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">)
</span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> {</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"> if</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.toLowerCase()
== </span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"abc"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">)</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> {</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> System.</span><b><i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(0,0,192)">out</span></i></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.println(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"YES
- literal"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> }</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"> if</span></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(106,62,62)">s</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.toLowerCase().equals(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"abc"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">))</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> {</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> System.</span><b><i><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(0,0,192)">out</span></i></b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">.println(</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(42,0,255)">"YES
– equals func"</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">);</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> }</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> </span>
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black"> }</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt">}</span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt"> </span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt"> </span></p>
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<b><u><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(192,0,0)">Out put</span></u></b></p>
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<b><u><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(192,0,0)"><span style="text-decoration-line:none"> </span></span></u></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">----- case: when string already lower ----------</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">YES - literal</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">YES – equals func</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"> </span></p>
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<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">----- case: when string with upper case ----------</span><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo"></span></p>
<p class="x_MsoNormal" style="margin:0in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:black">YES - equals func</span><b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"></span></b></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:9pt; font-family:Menlo; color:rgb(127,0,85)"> </span></b></p>
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<b>Why this could be an issue or bug prone?</b></p>
<p style="margin:0in 0in 0in 0.5in; font-size:12pt; font-family:Calibri,sans-serif">
<span style="font-size:12pt">-</span><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span><span style="font-size:12pt">Suppose an unit test is written, for a method doAThing(), that has toLower/Upper conversions in the middle of the code somewhere, and apply logic based on that.</span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt">-</span><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span><span style="font-size:12pt">Though general guidance to compare unknown string (types) is always using equals, sometimes developers can make a mistake (i.e. suppose they used == in a unit test)</span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt">-</span><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span><span style="font-size:12pt">If the code review did not catch it, this behavior can cause all unit tests passed, as long unit test is written with “small case string” as input.</span><br>
<span style="font-size:12pt">-</span><span style="font-variant-numeric:normal; font-variant-east-asian:normal; font-stretch:normal; font-size:7pt; line-height:normal; font-family:"Times New Roman"">
</span><span style="font-size:12pt">It could potentially make it to prod, and can be realized only when it hits a case
</span>when input<span style="font-size:12pt"> string has all uppercase OR mixed case letters, which could be after multiple sprints, at the point not easily detectable.</span><br>
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<b>Suggestion</b></p>
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It would be great if we always can make a new String() and return always a String object not an interned string sometimes, as openJ9/ibm does (with some jdk versions).
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It may not be good idea, to always return “.interned” value and fill up the intern pool, for these short-lived objects (as they are most times).</p>
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If this is agreed/approved, I can make a change and commit.</p>
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<br>
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Regards</p>
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- SP</p>
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