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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi Chen,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">What is your usage pattern of these single-abstract-method implementations? Since it sounds like you are<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">creating a lot of them, are you storing them in collections?<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Yes, we do have such usage patterns, e.g. stores methods as Function in hash table as handlers, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you are keeping a lot of them in collection (say, as event handlers), you may try to use `MethodHandleProxies.asInterfaceInstance` as a temporary workaround on JDK 22 and higher (older version uses Proxy, which has horrible invocation
performance).<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Thanks for the suggestion. We are currently at 17, I will investigate the library.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-Zhengyu<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">If you are on older versions from 15 to 21, unfortunately you might have to write a hidden class for the same purpose or use an existing library. One library that might be useful is <a href="https://github.com/LanternPowered/Lmbda">https://github.com/LanternPowered/Lmbda</a>
that effectively generates unloadable hidden classes, but its 3.x builds are not maven central so you have to build yourself.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">- Chen<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">On Wed, May 29, 2024 at 3:35<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span>PM Zhengyu Gu <<a href="mailto:zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com">zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Hi Chen,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Thanks for the insights.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">We did refactor our code to avoid using LambdaMetaFactory,metafactory() directly.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">With increasing use of Lambdas, in our applications and libraries, the metaspace impact becomes a concern. If current implementation (not able to
unload unused Lambda classes) here to stay, we must come up with a coding guideline to avoid excessive creation of Lambda classes, any pointers or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">Best,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt">-Zhengyu</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-size:11.0pt"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="color:black">From:
</span></b><span style="color:black">Chen Liang <<a href="mailto:liangchenblue@gmail.com" target="_blank">liangchenblue@gmail.com</a>><br>
<b>Date: </b>Wednesday, May 29, 2024 at 2:43</span><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:black"> </span><span style="color:black">PM<br>
<b>To: </b>Zhengyu Gu <<a href="mailto:zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com" target="_blank">zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com</a>><br>
<b>Cc: </b><a href="mailto:core-libs-dev@openjdk.org" target="_blank">core-libs-dev@openjdk.org</a> <<a href="mailto:core-libs-dev@openjdk.org" target="_blank">core-libs-dev@openjdk.org</a>><br>
<b>Subject: </b>Re: Question on Lambda function</span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<h3><strong><span style="font-family:Helvetica;color:black;background:yellow">[External Email]</span></strong><o:p></o:p></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:Helvetica"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Hi Gu,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">CallSite is specific to each invokedynamic instruction instead of each InvokeDynamic constant pool entry:
<a href="https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se22/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.invokedynamic" target="_blank">
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se22/html/jvms-6.html#jvms-6.5.invokedynamic</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">And the linking is done by MethodHandleNatives.linkCallSite if you want to follow the Java implementation code.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">For why the lambda in the loop is constant, it's a feature from InnerClassLambdaMetafactory: <a href="https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/c8eea59f508158075382079316cf0990116ff98e/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/invoke/InnerClassLambdaMetafactory.java#L236" target="_blank">https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/blob/c8eea59f508158075382079316cf0990116ff98e/src/java.base/share/classes/java/lang/invoke/InnerClassLambdaMetafactory.java#L236</a><o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">When the lambda is non-capturing, the bootstrap method LambdaMetafactory.metafactory will eagerly create a singleton instance and return this singleton in the indy instruction.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Also, your metaspace pressure might be caused by the fact that Lambda classes (not instances) are no longer eagerly unloaded; see <a href="https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/pull/12493" target="_blank">https://github.com/openjdk/jdk/pull/12493</a>
and <a href="https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8302154" target="_blank">https://bugs.openjdk.org/browse/JDK-8302154</a>. You are recommended to create your own facility to create hidden classes in Java 17 instead
of continue to use LambdaMetafactory explicitly in code.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Regards,<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Chen Liang<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">On Wed, May 29, 2024 at 12:53<span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> </span>PM Zhengyu Gu <<a href="mailto:zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com" target="_blank">zhengyu.gu@servicenow.com</a>>
wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222;background:white">Hello Lambda experts,</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">Since we upgraded JDK from 11 to 17, we’re experiencing metaspace pressure, largely due to Lambda class implementation
changes.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">There’s a scenario (see attached test case), that is especially puzzled me, hopefully, you can share some insights.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">In this test case, there is only one Lambda class is created inside the loop, but each one for the same functions outside
loop.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">Example output:</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">0: Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20@4de8b406</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">testMethod() called</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">1: Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20@4de8b406</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">testMethod() called</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">2: Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20@4de8b406</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">testMethod() called</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">3: Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20@4de8b406</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">testMethod() called</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">4: Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20@4de8b406</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222">testMethod() called</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#222222"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">….<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Outside loop1, Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4c58@402f32ff<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">testMethod() called<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Outside loop2 Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000d1000@5ae9a829<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">testMethod() called<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Outside loop3 Func = LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000d1238@548b7f67<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">testMethod() called<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">And jcmd also confirmed there were 4 Lambda classes created:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 49: CLD 0x000060000134cb50: "app" instance of jdk.internal.loader.ClassLoaders$AppClassLoader<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> Loaded classes:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 1: LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000d1238<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 2: LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000d1000
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 3: LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4c58<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 4: LambdaFunc$$Lambda/0x00001f80000c4a20<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> 5: LambdaFunc<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Looking into bytecode, all four call sites have the same invokedynamic bytecode (invokedynamic #7, 0 // InvokeDynamic #0:run:()Ljava/lang/Runnable; ) and the first
invokedynamic bytecode is inside the loop.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">But when I ran the program with -XX:+TraceBytecodes, it seems that the first invokedynamic was hoisted and result was used in the subsequence loop.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Can anyone explain where this magic happens? If the magic can apply to the instances outside the loop, so that only one Lambda class is created?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">Thank you for your time and expertise,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto">-Zhengyu<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"> <o:p></o:p></p>
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