RFR: 8314114: Fix -Wconversion warnings in os code, primarily linux [v8]

[Coleen Phillimore]

> This change fixes various -Wconversion warnings from files in the os directories and related, widening types or adding checked_cast<> where narrowing.
> Tested with tier1 on linux/macosx/windows and tier1-4 on linux-x64-debug, windows-x64-debug.

Coleen Phillimore has updated the pull request incrementally with two additional commits since the last revision:

 - Update src/hotspot/os/linux/os_linux.cpp
   
   Co-authored-by: Dean Long <17332032+dean-long at users.noreply.github.com>
 - Update src/hotspot/os/linux/os_linux.cpp
   
   Co-authored-by: Dean Long <17332032+dean-long at users.noreply.github.com>

-------------

Changes:
  - all: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/15229/files
  - new: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/15229/files/6d3f4765..1b804298

Webrevs:
 - full: https://webrevs.openjdk.org/?repo=jdk&pr=15229&range=07
 - incr: https://webrevs.openjdk.org/?repo=jdk&pr=15229&range=06-07

  Stats: 4 lines in 1 file changed: 1 ins; 0 del; 3 mod
  Patch: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/15229.diff
  Fetch: git fetch https://git.openjdk.org/jdk.git pull/15229/head:pull/15229

PR: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/15229