RFR: 8282773: Refactor parsing of integer VM options [v5]

[Ioi Lam]

> Background:
> 
> When a VM option is given an integer value (e.g., `-XX:ActiveProcessorCount=123`), we call the `set_numeric_flag` function in arguments.cpp. The old implementation always calls `strtoull()` to get an unsigned 64-bit number, and then tries to cast/truncate the result to the target type, performing sign conversion as needed.
> 
> This is cumbersome and buggy, because the target type (such as `size_t`) may have different bit-widths on different platforms. Also, manual conversion of unsigned to sign values can run into corner cases.
> 
> The fix:
> 
> - Use C++ templates and SFINAE to automatically choose the correct `parse_integer_impl()` function for parsing the input string. The VM should avoid doing cast and sign conversion as much as possible.
> - Use a similar technique to write a comprehensive set of test cases to validate the implementation. (This has revealed several failures in the old implementation).
> 
> Notes on K/M/G/T suffix handling:
> 
> For input like `-XX:ActiveProcessorCount=2048m`, the old implementation checks for overflow with `(n * suffix / suffix) == n`. This works for unsigned types because the [C++ specification](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/operator_arithmetic) allows unsigned arithmetic to overflow. However, overflowing a signed integer is UB. Therefore, I wrote a new function `multiply_by_1k()` to check for overflow without potentially undefined behavior. Thanks to @kimbarrett for helping me come up with the solution.
> 
> Tests:
> 
> tiers 1-2 passed. tiers 3-5 in progress.

Ioi Lam has updated the pull request incrementally with one additional commit since the last revision:

  @kimbarrett comments -- avoid using "long" type and revert the implementation to 2a5e3e6df3e61b15126ca0582aada57955a25a07, and updated comments

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Changes:
  - all: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/7763/files
  - new: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/7763/files/4f3db9e2..449c4ca2

Webrevs:
 - full: https://webrevs.openjdk.java.net/?repo=jdk&pr=7763&range=04
 - incr: https://webrevs.openjdk.java.net/?repo=jdk&pr=7763&range=03-04

  Stats: 13 lines in 1 file changed: 5 ins; 2 del; 6 mod
  Patch: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/7763.diff
  Fetch: git fetch https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk pull/7763/head:pull/7763

PR: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk/pull/7763