<html><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"></head><body style="word-wrap: break-word; -webkit-nbsp-mode: space; line-break: after-white-space;" class=""><div class="">Hi, </div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">thank you for comments and references. I didn’t mean we should create special self-type. The proposed syntax:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><span style="font-style: normal;" class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> public <b class="">this</b> hello() {}</font></span></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">doesn’t mean “<i class="">returns an object of the same type as my class</i>”.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">but rather</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">“<i class="">returns the same instance it is called on</i>”. The fact that it is also the same type is a useful byproduct. Please note that I used lowercase T to emphasize it is the instance not type.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Under the hood nothing has to be returned (on the call stack) and the method should compile to:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> public <b class="">void</b> hello() {}</font></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">That’s why using <font face="Courier New" class="">this</font> (ThisClass/MyClass) in method arguments or other places doesn’t make sense to me. (Passing the same instance to method which already has <font face="Courier New" class="">this</font> reference.) It also doesn’t make sense (or little) to use it on static methods like:</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> public <b class="">static this</b> hello();</font></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><b class="">Ad Generics) </b>As you pointed out it doesn’t work well with deep class hierarchy and also reduces readability (adds boilerplate). Imagine for example big library representing UI (like DOM structure):</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class="">UIElement<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>// method css(…) here</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> UILayout</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> UIGridLayout</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> …</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> UIFormElement</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> UISelect</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""> UIMultiSelect…<span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>// has method maxSelection()</font></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class="">// compilation error</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class="">var mySelect = new UIMultiSelect().css(„color”, „green”)</font></div><div class=""><font face="Courier New" class=""><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>.addClass(„attention”).maxSelection(3);</font></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">This is basically my use-case. I have 60..100 subclasses.</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class=""><b class="">Ad "Is the feature important enough?")</b></div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">Technically all language features are just “a syntactic sugar” to the assembler (bytecode). I lived many years without switch-expressions, try-with-resource,… :-)</div><div class=""><br class=""></div><div class="">All the best,</div><div class="">Tomas</div><div><br class=""><blockquote type="cite" class=""><div class="">13. 6. 2023 v 12:51, Maurizio Cimadamore <<a href="mailto:maurizio.cimadamore@oracle.com" class="">maurizio.cimadamore@oracle.com</a>>:</div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div class="">
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" class="">
<div class="">
<div class="markdown-here-wrapper" data-md-url="" style="" markdown-here-wrapper-content-modified="true"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">Hi,<br class="">
the topic you mention is sometimes known, in type-system
literature, as “self types”. The topic of adding self types to
Java was reasearched few years ago (see [1, 2]). While adding
self-types increases the expressiveness of the language (e.g.
allowing support for so called “binary methods” - e.g. typing
methods such as Object::equals correctly), such extension makes
the language unsound. Given this declaration (which I borrow
from the cited paper):</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;" class=""><code class="language-java hljs" style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background: rgb(248, 248, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-text-size-adjust: none;"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">Node</span> </span>{
...
<span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">setNext</span><span class="hljs-params">(ThisClass next)</span> </span>{ ... }
}
</code></pre><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">And given the
following generic method declaration:</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;" class=""><code class="language-java hljs" style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background: rgb(248, 248, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-text-size-adjust: none;"><span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">setNextStatic</span><span class="hljs-params">(Node node1, Node node2)</span> </span>{
node1.setNext(node2); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(153, 153, 136); font-style: italic;">// whooops</span>
}
</code></pre><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">Here we have an
issue, because it is now possible to pass two instances of Node
with different “self types”, and this program would still
type-check. In other words, subtyping here works against us -
because I can declare some subclass of Node, e.g. MyColoredNode
<: Node, and then call <code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;" class="">setNextStatic(new Node(), new MyColoredNode())</code>,
which clearly violates the specification of Node::setNext, but
the type system is not powerful enough to detect that.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">Typically this
tension is resolved by adding support for so called “exact
types” (denoted as @T). A variable with an exact type guarantees
that it can only ever hold values that are the same as its
static type. So, e.g. assigning a MyColoredNode object to a
variable of type @Node would fail. Equipped with this new
weapon, we can go back and change the declaration of setNext to:</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;" class=""><code class="language-java hljs" style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background: rgb(248, 248, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-text-size-adjust: none;"> <span class="hljs-function"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">setNext</span><span class="hljs-params">(@ThisClass next)</span> </span>{ ... }
</code></pre><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">Which makes things
sound again.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">This is a common tale
when coming up with new language ideas - e.g. we start from a
relatively constrained problems (e.g. how to better express
covariant returns, in a way that doesn’t force us to re-override
a method in all subclasses?) and we find something that works.
Then we see what happens if we use the same construct in places
we did not anticipate (in this case, usage of <code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;" class="">this</code>
type in parameter position) and see what happens. Almost every
non-trivial type-system extension I’ve been working with in the
past 15 years starts showing some kind of subtle interactions
when looked at it that way. And “this” is no exception.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">At which point the
question becomes: is the feature important enough to either (a)
swallow the cost of any other dependent feature it brings about
(e.g. exact @ types), or (b) restrict the usage of the feature
only in the places where it is well behaved (e.g. return
position) ? The former has a complexity cost (introduction of a
new kind of type), whereas the latter has an irregularity cost
(e.g. the new types can only be used in few selected places). My
(subjective) judgment is that, in this case the feature you
propose is not worth paying any of these costs, given that there
are some alternatives to achieve the same thing.</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">On that subject, one
alternative you have left out in your description is to use the
generic type system to implement a poor man “self type” - e.g.</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;" class=""><code class="language-java hljs" style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;display: block; overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); background: rgb(248, 248, 248) none repeat scroll 0% 0%; -moz-text-size-adjust: none;"><span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">Foo</span><<span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">T</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">Foo</span><<span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">T</span>>> </span>{
<span class="hljs-function">T <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;">get</span><span class="hljs-params">()</span></span>;
}
<span class="hljs-class"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">SubFoo</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-weight: bold;">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">Foo</span><<span class="hljs-title" style="color: rgb(153, 0, 0); font-weight: bold;color: rgb(68, 85, 136); font-weight: bold;">SubFoo</span>> </span>{ }
</code></pre><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">This is not perfect
(especially when working with complex class hierarchies) but I
have seen this technique used with success many times (e.g. in
the implementation of the Stream API itself).</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">Cheers<br class="">
Maurizio</p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">[1] - <a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-24851-4_18" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-24851-4_18</a><br class="">
[2] - <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642313000038" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167642313000038</a></p><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class="">On 09/06/2023 17:35,
Tomáš Bleša wrote:</p><div style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
<div class="markdown-here-exclude"><div class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:F22932E5-A7E4-4825-99E1-995B3FDF0CFD@anneca.cz" class="">
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;"><font class="" color="#929292"><i class="">/* I sent the
following to discuss@ mailing list yesterday. (wrong
list for the topic) I hope this will be more appropriate
mailing list */</i></font></div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;">Hi all,</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;"><br class="">
</div>
<span style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;" class="">this is a
request for feedback on a topic that has been on my mind for
a few weeks. I have written a short document in JEP format
and would like to ask you to comment if you find the
described proposal useful.</span>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;">Thanks,</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;">Tomas Blesa</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;">__________________________________</div>
<div class="" style="font-family: HelveticaNeue;"><br class="">
</div>
<div class="">
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Summary</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">-------</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Enhance
the Java language syntax to better support the method
chaining (named parameter idiom) programming pattern.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Goals</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">-----</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
primary goal is to remove unnecessary boilerplate code
in class methods designed for type-safe chained calls,
especially when combined with inheritance.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Motivation</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">----------</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">[Method
chaining](<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining" class="moz-txt-link-freetext" moz-do-not-send="true">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining</a>)
is a widely used and popular programming pattern,
particularly in creating libraries (APIs) or
configuration objects. Programmers can easily create a
method that returns `this` with a method signature that
specifies the returning type of the containing class.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
Shape scale(double ratio) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
recalculate all points</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
return this;</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
problem arises when we combine this pattern with
inheritance. We can lose type information when calling
the method on a subclass. For example, let's create two
subclasses of the `Shape` superclass:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Rectangle extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
Rectangle roundCorners(double pixels) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
...</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
return this;</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Circle extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Now,
imagine the following piece of code using the
mini-library above:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">var myRect
= new Rectangle().scale(1.2).roundCorners(10);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The code
won't compile because `scale()` returns the type
`Shape`, which doesn't have the `roundCorners` method.
There is also a problem even without the final
`roundCorners()` call:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">var myRect
= new Rectangle().scale(1.2);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
inferred type of `myRect` is `Shape` and not
`Rectangle`, so the following line will also be invalid:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">myRect.roundCorners(10);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Straightforward
solutions to the problem could be:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">1)
Override the `scale()` method in all subclasses and
change the return type:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Rectangle extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> // ...</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
@Override</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
Rectangle scale(double ratio) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
super.scale(ratio);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
return this;</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">2) Split
object construction and method calls:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">var myRect
= new Rectangle();</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">myRect.scale(1.2);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">myRect.roundCorners(10);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">3) Partial
solution - reorder chained calls (if possible):</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">var myRect
= new Rectangle();</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">myRect.roundCorners(10).scale(1.2);
// roundCorners called first</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">All of
these solutions add unnecessary lines of code, and as
the library of shapes grows, keeping the desired return
type will introduce more and more boilerplate code.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Description</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">-----------</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
proposed solution to the problem described in the
previous section is to extend the Java syntax for the
returned type in method signatures:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this scale(double ratio) { // <=== returns this</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
recalculate all points</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
return this;</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Methods
declared or defined as returning `this` can only return
the instance on which they are called. The following
code will be type-safe and perfectly valid:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">var myRect
= // inferred Rectangle type</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> new
Rectangle() // returns Rectangle instance</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
.scale(1.2) // returns Rectangle
instance</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
.roundCorners(10); // returns Rectangle
instance</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
constructed type `Rectangle` is preserved throughout the
entire call chain.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">It is
possible to override methods returning `this`, but the
subclass' implementation must also be declared with the
`this` keyword instead of a concrete returning type.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">It is even
possible to remove the explicit return statement
altogether:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this scale(double ratio) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
recalculate all points</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Or simply
remove the value `this` from the return statement:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this scale(double ratio) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
recalculate all points</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> if
(condition) return; // <== automatically
returns this</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
do something else</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">In fact,
methods returning `this` can be compiled to the same
bytecode as methods returning `void`. This is because
the instance reference (and the returned value) is
already known to the caller, eliminating the need to
pass that value back through the call stack. As a
result, both CPU cycles and memory are saved.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">In the
Java world, it is common to create getters and setters
according to the Java Beans specification in the form of
`getProperty`/`setProperty` pairs or
`isProperty`/`setProperty`. Setters are defined as
returning `void`. These setters can be more useful if
defined as returning `this`:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
Customer {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this setFirstname() { ... }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this setSurname() { ... }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this setEmail() { ... }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">This
allows for more concise usage when constructing and
configuring an instance without adding more code:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">customers.add(</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> new
Customer()</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
.setFirstname(resultSet.getString(1))</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
.setSurname(resultSet.getString(2))</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
.setEmail(resultSet.getString(3))</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">It is also
possible to declare an interface with methods returning
`this`:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">interface
Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> this
scale(double ratio);</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">In this
case, all implementing classes must define the method as
returning `this`.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
proposed syntax is a bit less useful for enums or
records, as neither of them allows for inheritance. But
enums and records can also implement interfaces and for
this reason and for overall consistency, "return this"
syntax should be allowed for enums and records.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">To
accommodate the syntax with the Java Reflection API, it
will probably be required to create a special final
placeholder class `This` (with an uppercase "T"),
similar to `java.lang.Void`.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Alternatives</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">------------</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">It is
probably possible to help auto-generate overriding
methods in subclasses using annotation processing, but
this option wasn't fully explored. However, such an
approach would add extra unnecessary code to compiled
subclasses and go against the primary goal of reducing
boilerplate.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Risks and
Assumptions</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">---------------------</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">The
proposed syntax is likely to break the compatibility of
library-dependent code whose author decides to switch to
the "return this" syntax between versions.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Older code
that looks like this:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
MyUglyShape extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
@Override</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
MyUglyShape scale(double ratio) {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
return this;</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">will have
to be rewritten as:</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
MyUglyShape extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">
@Override</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> public
this scale(double ratio) { // signature change</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> //
optional removal of the return this statement</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"> }</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">or </font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```java</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">class
MyUglyShape extends Shape {</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="white-space:pre"> </span>//
override removed</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">}</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">```</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">This
problem can be mitigated with the help of smart IDEs
automatically suggesting such refactoring.</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue"><br class="">
</font></div>
<div class=""><font class="" face="HelveticaNeue">Another
possible risk is breaking old code that relies on the
Reflection API for scanning the returning types of
methods.</font></div>
</div>
</blockquote><div class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
</div><div style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;" class=""><br class="webkit-block-placeholder"></div>
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