[jdk18u] RFR: 8280041: Retry loop issues in java.io.ClassCache

[Roman Kennke]

This backports the fix for JDK-8280041, which fixes a number of small issues with the preceding change for JDK-8277072.
The original change has baked for several weeks in jdk19 and applies cleanly.

Testing:
 - [x] tier1
 - [ ] tier2
 - [ ] tier3

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Depends on: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk18u/pull/36

Commit messages:
 - Backport cebaad1c94c301304fd146526cac95bfeaac66bf

Changes: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk18u/pull/46/files
 Webrev: https://webrevs.openjdk.java.net/?repo=jdk18u&pr=46&range=00
  Issue: https://bugs.openjdk.java.net/browse/JDK-8280041
  Stats: 41 lines in 1 file changed: 29 ins; 0 del; 12 mod
  Patch: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk18u/pull/46.diff
  Fetch: git fetch https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk18u pull/46/head:pull/46

PR: https://git.openjdk.java.net/jdk18u/pull/46