RFR 8194746: (fs) Add equivalents of Paths.get to Path interface

[Brian Burkhalter]

Updated with the suggested changes:

http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~bpb/8194746/webrev.03/

The differences versus the previous version are 1) the first sentences of Path.of:

(String -> Path)
 103      * Returns a {@code Path} by converting
 104      * a path string, or a sequence of strings that when joined form
 105      * a path string, to a {@code Path}.
(URI -> Path)
 152      * Returns a {@code Path} by converting a URI.
and 2) the API note in Paths:
  35  * @apiNote
  36  * It is recommended to obtain a {@code Path} via the {@code Path.of} methods
  37  * instead of via the {@code get} methods defined in this class as this class
  38  * may be deprecated.
Thanks,

Brian
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