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<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Hi Johannes,<br>
without knowing more high-level information on what the usage
patterns for the methods in your code is it’s hard for me to
provide guidance, or to try and explain why heap allocation is
more pronounced than before. I will try nevertheless :-)<br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Eyeballing your code,
I only see three places where segments are created:</p>
<ul style="margin: 1.2em 0px;padding-left: 2em;">
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">KeyValueLeafPage constructor
(because of allocate)</li>
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">resize (because of allocate)</li>
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">setSlot (because of
MemorySegment::ofArray)</li>
<li style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">setDeweyId (because of
MemorySegment::ofArray)</li>
</ul>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">So, it doesn’t seem
like you are creating tons of heap objects. But all the setXYZ
methods seem to create new heap objects (a new memory segment)
while before you just stored the incoming byte array into some
field of the class. So, if your application is sensitive to that
kind of thing (e.g. these set methods are called a lot), that
could explain the increase in heap pressure.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">In general, looking
at the before/after code, there is now more code in the set/get
code path - as you have to go from byte[] to segment and then
back. If your public-facing API is taking byte[], you might not
have many other options than to change your internal
representation to match that.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">(in saying that, I’d
note that the “before” implementation doesn’t perform defensive
copies of the incoming byte arrays, and that might also affect
performance).</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Another reason where
performance might be lost is in the resize method. Every now and
then, when you call setdata, the memory segment might not be big
enough, so the code allocates a new one, and copies all the data
over. This is not going to be fast (even igoring the heap
pressure problem, even though the two could be related).</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">The reality here is
that it is going to be hard to match the performance of
somtething like this:</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;"> public void setSlot(byte[] recordData, int offset) {
slots[offset] = recordData;
}
</code></pre>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">There’s no moving of
the data off-heap, no need for resizing ever, and this sets you
up for avoiding deserialiation altogether:</p>
<pre style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em;margin: 1.2em 0px;"><code style="font-size: 0.85em; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace;margin: 0px 0.15em; padding: 0px 0.3em; white-space: pre-wrap; border: 1px solid rgb(234, 234, 234); background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); border-radius: 3px; display: inline;white-space: pre; overflow: auto; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); padding: 0.5em 0.7em; display: block !important;"> public byte[] getSlot(int slotNumber) {
return slots[slotNumber];
}
</code></pre>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Anything you change
here is added cost. Memory segment is the tip of the iceberg
here, I think (you’d face exactly the same problems trying to
use ByteBuffer, or any other such API).</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Something that would
be more “apple to apple” would be if you could avoid resizing -
after all in the old code you always allocate a number of
slots/records/deweyIds equal to some known constant
(Constants.NDP_NODE_COUNT). Maybe this constant is super high
(seems 1024), so you cannot afford to have the equivalent bytes
to be pre-allocated when you allocate a page (but that’s another
“shortcut” you can take because you’re exploiting an on-heap
representation). But even if you pre-allocated big-enough
segments, you’d still have to convert the input data into a
segment, and then extracting the output data into a byte array
(instead of simply setting a pointer/getting a pointer - another
on-heap-oriented assumption).</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">To sum up, I think in
order for the switch to off-heap/segments to be beneficial there
has to be some use case you want to address that cannot be
addressed in the current setup. Your setup is currently highly
optimized under the assumption that data lives on-heap (and that
you don’t care too much about data being manipulated via the
array instances being fed to the API <em>after</em> said arrays
have been stored in the page). If those assumptions work well
for you, given they also provide best possible performance, why
to change? Of course, if you want to pass the page data to some
native function you will run into a road-block, as now you will
have to collect all your page data by chasing pointers and
copying it in some contiguous memory region. But if you don’t
need that, why bother? Sometimes the simplest design is also the
best. That’s not to say that there aren’t way to perhaps use
memory segments more effectively to do what you want to do. For
instance, if you "squint" your old code is really creating a
page with a fixed size of (Constants.NDP_NODE_COUNT) data
pointers. So, you could create a page with an array of N memory
segments, to be filled later. Each page will be associated with
an _arena_ so that all the segment data you create will
effectively share the same lifetime. This will allow you to
avoid resizing, while still only "allocating as you need". But
you will need to copy data in/out of heap, so this will add
serialization cost compared to your original solution.<br>
</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Just trying to be
honest here, and set the right expectations. Going off-heap is
not a “make me go fast” kind of toggle. It often requires
compromises, to make the Java and the off-heap side of the world
“align” somehow.</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">Maurizio</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;">On 14/09/2024 15:17,
Johannes Lichtenberger wrote:</p>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;"></p>
<div class="markdown-here-exclude">
<p></p>
<blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:CAGXNUvbJ8izsd+kOm4y1_yPigf0fX0-nuJLnc757m3fC=OLrgg@mail.gmail.com">
<div dir="auto">
<div dir="auto"><span style="font-size:12.8px">Hello,</span>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">I'm currently
refactoring my little database project in my spare time
from using a very simple byte[][] slots array of
byte-arrays to a single MemorySegment (or two depending
on if DeweyIDs are stored or not (usually not)):</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">from</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/sirixdb/sirix/blob/main/bundles/sirix-core/src/main/java/io/sirix/page/KeyValueLeafPage.java" style="text-decoration-line:none;color:rgb(66,133,244)" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://github.com/sirixdb/sirix/blob/main/bundles/sirix-core/src/main/java/io/sirix/page/KeyValueLeafPage.java</a><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">to</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/sirixdb/sirix/blob/1aaafd13693c0cf7e073d400766525eed7a24ad6/bundles/sirix-core/src/main/java/io/sirix/page/KeyValueLeafPage.java" style="text-decoration-line:none;color:rgb(66,133,244)" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://github.com/sirixdb/sirix/blob/1aaafd13693c0cf7e073d400766525eed7a24ad6/bundles/sirix-core/src/main/java/io/sirix/page/KeyValueLeafPage.java</a><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">However, now I
had to introduce reference counting / pinning/unpinning
of the pages, and they have to be closed, for instance,
once they are evicted from cache(s).</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">Implementing a
"real" slotted page with shifting and resizing... has
gotten much more complicated. Furthermore (besides that,
pinning/unpinning and deterministic closing is tricky
;-)) I'm also facing much worse GC performance
(attached).</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">Of course, I'm in
the middle of refactoring, and I'd give the
nodes/records in the page a slice from the MemorySegment
of the page. Currently, I have to convert back and forth
for serialization/deserialization from byte-arrays to
MemorySegments, then copying these to the page
MemorySegment... which is currently one issue, but I'm
not sure if that's all.</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">All in all I'm
not sure if there's other stuff I'm missing because I'm
now using `Arena.ofShared()` and I think this stuff is a
bit strange:<br>
<br>
[3,127s][info ][gc ] GC(7) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
645M->455M(5124M) 9,563ms<br>
[3,253s][info ][gc ] GC(8) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 783M->460M(5124M) 4,580ms<br>
[5,094s][info ][gc ] GC(9) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 3524M->897M(5124M) 40,103ms<br>
[5,200s][info ][gc ] GC(10) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
1381M->947M(5124M) 29,005ms<br>
[5,696s][info ][gc ] GC(11) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 1499M->1191M(5124M) 25,405ms<br>
[5,942s][info ][gc ] GC(12) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
1647M->1379M(5124M) 22,006ms<br>
[5,979s][info ][gc ] GC(13) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
1899M->1411M(5124M) 7,634ms<br>
[6,628s][info ][gc ] GC(14) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 2243M->1801M(5124M) 36,093ms<br>
[6,725s][info ][gc ] GC(15) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
2469M->1873M(5124M) 13,836ms<br>
[7,436s][info ][gc ] GC(16) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 2857M->2283M(5740M) 64,219ms<br>
[7,525s][info ][gc ] GC(17) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation Failure: Pinned)
3115M->2343M(5740M) 14,110ms<br>
[8,274s][info ][gc ] GC(18) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 3659M->2783M(5740M) 42,159ms<br>
[9,011s][info ][gc ] GC(19) Pause Young
(Concurrent Start) (G1 Evacuation Pause) (Evacuation
Failure: Pinned) 4027M->3239M(5740M) 51,686ms<br>
[9,011s][info ][gc ] GC(20) Concurrent Mark Cycle<br>
[9,165s][info ][gc ] GC(20) Pause Remark
4171M->2535M(5360M) 3,315ms<br>
[9,446s][info ][gc ] GC(20) Pause Cleanup
2759M->2759M(5360M) 0,253ms<br>
[9,448s][info ][gc ] GC(20) Concurrent Mark Cycle
436,601ms<br>
[9,500s][info ][gc ] GC(21) Pause Young (Prepare
Mixed) (G1 Evacuation Pause) 2783M->1789M(5360M)
30,267ms<br>
[10,575s][info ][gc ] GC(22) Pause Young (Mixed)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 3745M->2419M(5360M) 73,025ms<br>
[11,266s][info ][gc ] GC(23) Pause Young (Normal)
(G1 Evacuation Pause) 3987M->2829M(5360M) 55,028ms<br>
[11,762s][info ][gc ] GC(24) Pause Young
(Concurrent Start) (G1 Evacuation Pause)
4149M->3051M(6012M) 65,550ms<br>
[11,762s][info ][gc ] GC(25) Concurrent Mark
Cycle<br>
[11,869s][info ][gc ] GC(25) Pause Remark
3143M->1393M(5120M) 4,415ms<br>
[12,076s][info ][gc ] GC(25) Pause Cleanup
1593M->1593M(5120M) 0,240ms<br>
[12,078s][info ][gc ] GC(25) Concurrent Mark
Cycle 316,410ms<br>
<br>
I've rarely had these "Evacuation Failure: Pinned" log
entries regarding the current "master" branch on Github,
but now it's even worse. Plus, I think I'm still missing
to close/clear pages in all cases (to close the arenas),
which turned out to be tricky. I'm also storing the two
most recently accessed pages in fields; sometimes, they
are not read/put into a cache; there are page
"fragments" that must be recombined for a full page...</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">So maybe you know
why the GC is much worse now (I guess even if I fail to
close a page, I'd get an OutOfMemoryError or something
like that, as the segments are off-heap (despite my
array-based memory segments (ofArray), which may be a
problem, hmm).</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">All in all I
faced a much worse performance with N-read only trxs
traversing a large file in parallel, likely due to
~2,7Gb object allocation rate for a single trx already
(and maybe not that much read from the page caches),
that's why I thought I'd have to try the single
MemorySegment approach for each page.</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">
<div dir="auto" style="font-size:large">
<div dir="auto" style="color:rgb(136,136,136);font-size:12.8px">
<div dir="auto">The G1 log:</div>
</div>
</div>
<div dir="auto" style="font-size:large"><br>
</div>
<span style="font-size:large"><a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sirixdb/sirix/main/g1.log.4" moz-do-not-send="true" class="moz-txt-link-freetext">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/sirixdb/sirix/main/g1.log.4</a></span><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div style="font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">kind regards</div>
<div style="color:rgb(136,136,136);font-size:12.8px" dir="auto">
<div>Johannes</div>
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
<div dir="auto"><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</blockquote>
<p></p>
</div>
<p style="margin: 0px 0px 1.2em !important;"></p>
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