Initial feedback on Minimal Value Types 0.2 for discussion
Karen Kinnear
karen.kinnear at oracle.com
Tue Mar 28 18:45:06 UTC 2017
Summary notes from meeting 3/15/17:
attendees: Brian, Doug Lea, Stas, Frederic, Bjorn, Tobias, Mr Simms, Vladimir I, Maurizio, Karen, John
1. Identity Major decision:
Doug: It is ok if a value type box does NOT retain identity.
Do not be overly concerned with sync, ===, hashcode. Let’s see if the benefits outweigh the problems.
We need to set clear expectations for customers.
ed. note: Maurizio clarified later that it is critical that a value type not lose identity within
a given method, but it is ok to lose identity across methods.
It is ok if the vm throws an exception - e.g. IllegalMonitorStateException when attempting to lock a Value Type,
ok if we do that based on a command-line flag to not slow down normal execution.
2. Evolution approach
can evolve experimental annex to JVMS - optional to implement, with minor change to classfile, byte codes, etc.
no story for experimental JLS
Doug suggested: could have an experimental javac documentation
3. vdefault/vwithfield
- constructor as static factory method
- vdefault - create 0-filled default value type
- only valid within constructor
- note a value type array - initial array allows default value to escape
- vwithfield - copy-on-write a new value type with one modified field
- allows final fields to be final (value type is immutable)
- JIT can optimized via escape analysis
- only within value class (which means both the value capable class and the DVT)
4. Requested Extensions:
- exploring adding references - both IBM and Oracle believe customers will need this for use cases
- support for VCC implementing interfaces - do users need this?
- propose: go to Early Access without this and see if it is required
- IBM and Oracle investigating
- note: VM would do no magic boxing, and for MVT, would require boxing to invoke default methods
5. Packed Objects:
AI: IBM - Doug requested a summary of differences between PackedObjects and MVT
John note: Packed Objects have identity, others see changes through the reference
6. JVMS changes:
AI: Oracle - need to propose a draft for the JVMS extensions
7. early access timing:
Note: need to ensure that IBM and Oracle are in sync on Early Access timing
Meeting March 29th - need to discuss any other Shady Values version 0.2 changes and
timing.
*** will need a Shady Values update ***
thanks,
Karen
> On Mar 15, 2017, at 1:20 AM, Karen Kinnear <karen.kinnear at oracle.com> wrote:
>
> Summary notes from meeting 2/15/17 - embedded below, starting with #8
>
> Meeting 3/16/17:
> — there are a few more already identified topics to discuss
> — welcome additional questions/suggestions
> — a couple of topics to revisit (or perhaps put on an open issues list until we have more information or feedback)
>
> thanks,
> Karen
>
>
>> On Feb 10, 2017, at 9:47 AM, Karen Kinnear <karen.kinnear at oracle.com <mailto:karen.kinnear at oracle.com>> wrote:
>>
>> John - please correct
>>
>> Bjorn,
>>
>> Good question. This was news to us as well, so John will have the final word.
>>
>> My assumption is that he means that:
>> If you create an array of Value-Capable-Classes that you would not automagically also create an equivalent
>> array of the Derived Value Types.
>> That the MethodHandle APIs could explicitly, through new byte codes create arrays of the DVTs by passing a
>> Derived Value Type as the “array ref” to anewarray or multianewarray.
>> I presume that any explicit byte code generation by power users to go with this code could use the same mechanism.
>>
>> thanks,
>> Karen
>>
>>> On Feb 9, 2017, at 10:56 PM, Bjorn B Vardal <bjornvar at ca.ibm.com <mailto:bjornvar at ca.ibm.com>> wrote:
>>>
>>> Karen / John: Can you clarify this? Do you mean that they will only be flattened when created using the reflection / MethodHandle API?
>>>
>>> > John: MVT 1.0 will only flatten arrays reflectively
>>>
>>> --
>>> Bjørn Vårdal
>>> J9 Java Virtual Machine Developer
>>> IBM Runtimes
>>>
>>>
>>> ----- Original message -----
>>> From: Karen Kinnear <karen.kinnear at oracle.com <mailto:karen.kinnear at oracle.com>>
>>> Sent by: "valhalla-spec-experts" <valhalla-spec-experts-bounces at openjdk.java.net <mailto:valhalla-spec-experts-bounces at openjdk.java.net>>
>>> To: John Rose <john.r.rose at oracle.com <mailto:john.r.rose at oracle.com>>
>>> Cc: valhalla-spec-experts at openjdk.java.net <mailto:valhalla-spec-experts at openjdk.java.net>
>>> Subject: Re: Initial feedback on Minimal Value Types 0.2 for discussion
>>> Date: Thu, Feb 9, 2017 6:31 PM
>>>
>>> Notes from discussion on Feb 01,2017. Feedback welcome.
>>>
>>> John - one question extracted at the top from the embedded notes.
>>>
>>>> 11. "interfaces (especially with default methods)"
>>>> - please change p.6 to clarify that there are no value type interfaces period.
>>> Ed note: There is a distinction here between
>>> 11a) defining an interface as a VCC with a derived DVT and
>>> 11b) whether the POJO which defines the VCC can implement interfaces. This discussion was about whether
>>> a POJO which defines the VCC can implement interfaces.
>>> John: MVT 1.0 : No value capable interfaces for JVMT 1.0.
>>> Ed note: was this the answer to 11a or 11b above please?
>>>> On Feb 9, 2017, at 5:43 PM, Karen Kinnear <karen.kinnear at oracle.com <mailto:karen.kinnear at oracle.com>> wrote:
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> (This is a resend of an email I sent to valhalla-dev at openjdk.java.net <mailto:valhalla-dev at openjdk.java.net> on January 23)
>>>>
>>>> Review of Minimal Value Types August 2016 Shady Edition (v 0.2)
>>>> http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/values/shady-values.html <http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/values/shady-values.html>
>>>>
>>>> Questions/Comments:
>>>> abbreviations used: VCC: value-capable class, DVT: derived value type
>>>>
>>>> 1. Goals
>>>> -- might be worth adding to the bullets:
>>>> Allow use of existing toolchain where possible including IDEs and debuggers
>>> John: this is just a review comment, no discussion required.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 2. Features:
>>>> "Three" bytecode instructions ->"A small set of”
>>> John: just a text edit to encompass extensions in #12 below, not yet discussed as a group.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 3. Typically, value-capable classes will not be exported.
>>>> Is the reason for this to limit exposure since the expectation is that the
>>>> initial APIs and mechanisms will change?
>>> John: “yes”. This does not have to be enforced in the implementation.
>>> ed. note: perhaps we could remove this from the MVT specification.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 4. Value-capable classes: supporting methods
>>>>
>>>> p.3 "This design endows both boxes and pure values with a common set of methods; it "lifts" box methods
>>>> onto the derived values."
>>>> p.5 "The synthetic class has the given fields (unchanged) and has no methods"
>>>> p.5 "Meanwhile, all methods (and other class features) stay on the value-capable class. The value type
>>>> proper is just a "dumb struct" containing the extracted fields"
>>>>
>>>> - given that in the MVT model we are starting with a POJO box, and instance methods that clearly
>>>> take an Object as a receiver, one proposal for the initial MVT approach would be to have
>>>> all methods only supported by the box, and require boxing to invoke any methods
>>>>
>>>> - so I think the first quote would need either removal or modification
>>> John: agreed.
>>> Karen: See #9 below: Evolved proposal would keep the POJO, which we call the Value Capable Class (VCC) unchanged,
>>> and derive a Derived Value Type (DVT) which would only contain a copy of the immutable instance fields, i.e. be
>>> a “dumb struct”.
>>> Bjorn: In this model, the source class would be the same as the box class, if we leave the instance fields in it. And we
>>> would box to invoke methods for the MVT 1.0 timeframe.
>>> John: Agreed.
>>> John: Longer-term - will want to invoke methods on values as soon as we can. We will need source support for that.
>>>
>>> John: Minimal Value Type (MVT) programming models:
>>> 1) source — only works for boxes
>>> 2) Method Handle reflection - for early adopters
>>> 3) bytecodes
>>> The MethodHandle/ValueFactory approach is clearly described.
>>> The language and byte code we will use longterm are still uncertain.
>>> Bjorn: What would be enabled by having all members in the value vs. just the [instance] fields in the value?
>>> Karen: Challenge is instance methods, where the type of the receiver is expected to be a VCC, not a DVT. This same
>>> expectation applies to any method called from the instance method, or any field in which the receiver is stored.
>>> John: we are using existing javac support, therefore we need to define value types indirectly, box first. This is not the longterm plan.
>>> MethodHandles will provide a direct way of speaking of the values. The MethodHandle runtime will spin byte codes.
>>>
>>> Maurizio: it is easy to just map the fields
>>> Karen: Methods are coded on the box. Static fields we left on the box. So we just lift the instance fields.
>>>
>>> John: We box the value to run methods. We want to preserve “vagueness”.
>>> Legacy code could misuse identity e.g. equals, hashcode, sync
>>> This only works for early adopters who are aware of value-capable-class identitylessness and implications
>>>
>>> Maurizio: If you pass the VCC to another method you are passing the box and no mechanical transformation is needed.
>>> Karen: You could have a problem if you were to pass the DVT as an argument when an object is expected
>>> John: clarify distinction between QType and LType
>>> QType: no identity, not nullable, not shared visible state, no sync, no reference equality
>>> LType: identity, nullable, shared visible state for sync and reference equality
>>> semantic mismatch: nulls, if_acmp_eq/ne
>>> MVT provides a short-term hack - which is ok for early adopters
>>> in future expect explicit boxes for QTypes which are LTypes which actually are identityful unlike the temporary VCCs
>>> Bjorn: differences between QTypes and LTypes like int and Integer, where only Integer provides methods?
>>> John: short-term there will be no methods on a DVT.
>>> longer-term value types will have methods
>>> verifier will not accept LType for a QType byte code
>>> Bjorn: if QType is a subset of an LType is it ok to convert?
>>> John: want ability farther future to have different behaviors and different stack representation.
>>> In progress, exploring possibly interpreter implementations, things like allowing the vm to buffer QTypes off the java heap
>>> presumes a universal type must declare whether it has identity or not
>>> Bjorn: with boxing and unboxing, if you say you have “no identity” do you still have something?
>>> John: must box to call a method, no one can rely on the identity so you can elide it.
>>> Ed note: this is only possibly temporarily because the value-capable-class is defined as not being able to rely on identity.
>>> This will not carry over to a more general value type approach if we wish to have value types box to identityful LTypes which
>>> can be used by existing code that is expecting a subtype of Object or an Interface as defined today.
>>> John: after MVT 1.0, exploring a union type, “UType” which is a common type that could contain either a QType or its corresponding
>>> LType
>>>>
>>>> 5. Value bytecodes
>>>> p.11 "Method handles and invokedynamic will always allow bytecode to invoke methods on Q-types".
>>>> - is this still accurate in the context above? I know the comment says that internally
>>>> the MH might box the Qtype, but do we still want to support MH and indy to appear to invoke methods on Q-types?
>>> Ed note: I don’t if we answered this question.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 6. Restrictions on the POJO:
>>>> A. It would help to have a bulleted list of restrictions
>>>> B. Clarify error/exception to throw - perhaps ClassFormatError for all of these?
>>>> C. Request to not support VCC on interfaces at all for MVT 1.0
>>>>
>>>> I know the restrictions are intermixed in the text today. This is what I extracted:
>>>> (p.3-4, 6)
>>>>
>>>> VCC (and probably going forward)
>>>> 1. VCC superclass must be Object (and should be omitted)
>>>> 2. the class must be final
>>>> 3. all fields must be final
>>>> - please clarify - all instance fields must be final
>>> John: yes
>>>>
>>>> 4. all constructors private
>>> Maurizio: why?
>>> Note that there is NO constructor for the DVT. It can be created via a vunbox or vdefault + vwithfield
>>> John: ok to change the spec so the VCC constructor is not limited to being private.
>>>>
>>>> 5. must replace equals, hashcode, toString (with current Object syntax)
>>>> 6. may not use any methods provided on Object
>>>> specifically: may not use clone, finalize, wait, notify, notifyAll (directly)
>>>> 7. may use getClass
>>>> MVT 1.0 additional limitations
>>>> 9. may contain primitive instance fields, but no reference instance fields
>>>> - please update document to clarify this restriction is for instance fields only
>>> Karen: both IBM and Oracle JVM engineers are interested in an optional extension to support
>>> references instance fields.
>>> Maurizio: If only primitives allowed, then no support for generics is needed.
>>> Clarification for Karen: statics can have generics with erasure today, but can not mention type variables. (thanks :-)
>>> Bjorn: With today’s erased generics, this is not a problem
>>> John: Ok to explore having references in instance fields, generics are ok. No type variables in instance fields
>>> and no “any” generics.
> 2/15/17: rediscussed:
> Maurizio - higher perceived benefit to users to have reference fields in VCC/DVT - e.g. Strings
> John concern: hard to do embedded references in values
> Mr Simms: almost have it now
> — agreed: let’s give it a short
>>>
>>>>
>>>> 10. may not contain generic instance fields
>>>> - please update document to clarify this restriction is for instance fields only
>>>> - it is my understanding that you can’t have generic static fields at all
>>>> 11. "interfaces (especially with default methods)"
>>>> - please change p.6 to clarify that there are no value type interfaces period.
>>> Ed note: There is a distinction here between
>>> 11a) defining an interface as a VCC with a derived DVT and
>>> 11b) whether the POJO which defines the VCC can implement interfaces. This discussion was about whether
>>> a POJO which defines the VCC can implement interfaces.
>>>
>>> Karen: concern about setting expectations. Current interfaces assume identity.
>>> Maurizio: could always box to call interface methods.
>>>
>>> John: Question: do early adopters need interfaces?
>>> Vladimir Ivanov: Yes
>>>
>>> note: Vector API has no benefits using MVT 1.0.
>>> Ed note: later email clarification from Vlad:
>>> Interface-based Vector API version [1] does not benefit from MVT 1.0. All operations are expressed as interface
>>> calls and require vector boxes.
>>> That is out of scope for MVT 1.0.
>>> Vectors exploring an alternative API, exposing operations as MethodHandles. This is less convenient to use, but
>>> allows experimenting to find performance benefits.
>>>
>>> John: MVT: box to get to methods. Longterm get to call I.defaultmethod without boxing
>>> Ed. note: Interface default method will need restrictions.
>>>
>>> John: MVT 1.0 : No value capable interfaces for JVMT 1.0.
>>> Ed note: was this the answer to 11a or 11b above please?
> I believe John agreed that we can not use a VCC/DVT to define an interface
>
> Open Question:
> Do we need VCC/DVT to support interfaces and require boxing to invoke default methods?
> Perhaps try early access without support for interfaces and get feedback?
>
> Concerns: existing interfaces with default methods - assume identity
> Longer-term interfaces that can be implemented by valhalla value types will need to be
> special interfaces which support UTypes - union of LType and QType - so that they
> can be implemented by references or by value types.
> UType - must not assume identity, must retain identity if it has it
> QType - not assume identity
> LType - must preserve identity
> John/Brian - outline of road ahead - post MVT 1.0 - looking at a potential carrier or wrapper for
> an “any” type
> Dan: If a local is a UType - will enforce single type through program?
> John: simple answer - not fixed type slots
> Dan: verification issues
> John: like a cast - must be explicit in byte codes and it might fail
> LType-> UType always valid, UType-> LType might fail
>>>
>>> John: longer-term:
>>> L-Type: always identity
>>> Q- Type: never identity
>>> U-Type: do not assume identity, must preserve identity
>>>
>>>>
>>>> 12. 0.2 version states: may not contain a value class as an instance field
>>>> - see below for further discussion
>>>>
>>>> 7. potential extensions:
>>>> 12. 0.2 version states: value class may not contain a value class as an instance field
>>>> - we would like to propose supporting this - perhaps as an optional extension?
>>>> - we would need to add an exception for handling circularity
>>>> - note: no way to express this in java, but you could express in a classfile
>>> John: NO for MVT 1.0. Potential ambiguity whether the field contains a value capable class or a derived value type
>>> javac just deals with boxes, so no flattening here. Wants same layouts whether boxed or not.
>>>
>>> John: MVT 1.0 will only flatten arrays reflectively
>>>
>>> End of discussion
>>>
>>> thanks,
>>> Karen
>>> =======
>>>
>>>>
>>>> 8. Splitting the value type from the object type
>>>> Propose not using the nested class approach, to not tie us into this relationship longer term
>>>> - so remove example and the "looks like an inner class"
>>>>
>>>> - note: a key point here is how the user generating bytecodes would know the generated name of the DVT
>>>> This will need further discussion.
>>>> In the constant pool, references can use Qpackage.Class; rather than Lpackage.Class;
>>>>
>>>> Are there requirements for java sources to be able to refer to the derived value type by name?
>>>> e.g. Class.forName()? If not, then perhaps the temporary naming convention could be kept internal?
> #8: not use nested class relationship between VCC and DVT:
> Bjorn: not an issue either way
> *** remove from spec: Does not belong in the spec - this is an implementation detail
> We don’t want to expose this as a nested class
> - reflection might expose differently
> - private static member access needs special handling, but not via javac trampolines
> - Minimal Value Types will to have nest mate support
> Note: box must be in the same package & module
> Need a way to mark the DVT - e.g. ACC_VALUE (other options ok)
>
> Note : DVT name should not be exposed. Ok to use unsafe.defineAnonymousClass
> to generate the DVT. The VM generates the DVT.
> API ValueType.valueclass() returns, but doesn’t need to know how generated
>
> Goal: VM’s problem to resolve QPoint descriptor reference to DVT for Point
> *** add to spec: requirement: not want byte code to resolve LPoint$12345 (i.e.
> a temporary name) - want ClassNotFound here
>>>>
>>>> 9. Splitting the value type from the object type
>>>> p.5 "The original class is given a new synthetic field of the new value type, to hold the state for the original class".
>>>> - to simplify implementation, and allow experiments which go beyond the initial MVT plans, we propose
>>>> * that the VCC is left untouched
>>>> * the DVT has a copy of the immutable instance fields
>>>>
>>>> - We think this qualifies as "any equivalent technique" on p.5
>>>> - the quote above would need modifying or removing
>>>>
> Agreed.
>>>> 10. Scoping of these features
>>>> - exploring adding class file capability bits for experimental features, as a versioning approach
>>>> - we will want to pin this down later in the cycle
> Brainstormed possibility of adding capability bits in minor version. Would need to go through JCP.
> editor’s note: may need to revisit this - turns out minor version 45.3 was already used and set a precedent
> that changes in a minor version would all be present in follow-on major versions. So probably not in scope for MVT.
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> 11. JVM changes to support Q-types
>>>> - "So when the class loader loads an object whose fields are Q_types, it must resolve (and perhaps load)
>>>> the classes of those Q_types, ..."
>>>> - for instance fields that are Q-types, I believe we need to explicitly specify temporary JVMS load/link/init rules
>>>> (I will propose an early draft in a later email).
>>>> - e.g. Specifically, for instance fields that are Q-types, we would propose requiring eager loading of the Q-types,
>>>> modifying JVMS 5.3.5 Deriving a Class from a class File Representation. Bullets 3 and 4 described eager resolution
>>>> of the direct superclass and direct superinterfaces. The expectation is that an additional bullet would be added
>>>> for direct instance fields that are Q-types.
>>>> - note that this change would make it the JVM's responsibility, not the class loaders' responsibility,
>>>> to resolve the classes of those Q-types.
>>>>
>>>> Note: in the JVMS load/link/init rules I will also propose VCC/DVT load/link/init requirements.
> Note: there are two discussions here relative to load/link/init rules.
> One is for the DVT/VCC relationship.
> Karen: always load VCC first
> Bjorn: if MH API: always create VCC first
> AI: Karen - send load/link/init proposal for MVT
>
> Another is for flattening. Note VCC and DVT have the same field reference types, which means no
> QType fields, so no flattened fields in a DVT.
>
> Note: VCC can not mention QTypes in source, since javac can not translate.
>
> Bjorn: Can we use QTypes in descriptors of methods and fields if we spin byte codes?
> John: MethodHandles work with QTypes, therefore need an internal translation, therefore need to
> handle QTypes in descriptors, therefore ok to spin byte codes like MethodHandles can.
>
> This is not a gating goal for MVT, but is not forbidden.
>
> Is it ok to flatten a QType field?
>
> Maurizio:
> VCC->DVT can NOT change descriptor, therefore can not contain a QType.
>
> John: For MethodHandles and classes spun from byte codes with QType fields,
> it is ok to flatten the QType.
> - implementation choice.
> - not required, but ok if not hard
>
> (ed. note: I have other notes on flattening which I can not translate - if others have notes
> on non-array flattening please let me know)
>
> We will however support flattening for arrays.
> Ed note: thanks to Mr. Simms - he realized we need to initialize (and therefore link) any value type that
> is the element type for anewarray/multianewarray.
>
> Array flattening:
> this will not be done automagically
> flatten array only if explicitly an array of value types, i.e. anewarray/multianewarray with a DVT as the
> objectref
>
> TODO: open questions - need to investigate:
> - Need to check how core reflection would deal with seeing an object that is a DVTarray
> - What does core reflection do if handed the j.l.Class for a DVT?
> - Class.forName should not be able to find a j.l.Class for a DVT
>
>
>>>>
>>>> 12. value bytecodes
>>>> - the following are useful in the MethodHandle implementation, and likely to be useful for direct bytecode access
>>>> - we would like to propose the following as the minimal bytecode set:
>>>> in addition to vload, vstore, vreturn (and slot-specific variants)
>>>> - vdefault/vwithfield
> open issue
> Maurizio: nice on paper
> In practice: challenges - vwithfield write to final field
> note: all fields in DVT are final
>
> If we do not provide vdefault/vwithfield, but only provide vbox/vunbox
> MethodHandles will use unsafe to set fields and then unbox
> ed. note - need to revisit
>>>> - vbox/vunbox
> YES
> Dan: what about a2b vs. vbox/vunbox?
> ed note: we initially investigated a general a2b and we don’t yet have a good way to define a CONSTANT_Type
> or equivalent which we would need, so we found it easier to explicitly do vbox/vunbox. (need to bring up in next meeting)
>>>> - vaload/vastore
> YES
>>>> - vgetfield (fetch a field from a value type)
> YES
>>>> - NOT vcmp_eq/ne (equality can be implemented as component-wise comparison)
>>>>
>>>> clarify that for MVT 1.0, statics are only available through the box. (TODO: where does this go in shady?)
>>>>
>>>> 13. value bytecodes
>>>> - open issue
>>>> - typed prefix vs. vbytecodes for initial prototype
>>>>
>>>> 14. Value bytecodes
>>>> use of Qtype as class component:
>>>> "Initially the only valid use of a Q-type [is] as the class component of a CONSTANT_Methodref or CONSTANT_Fieldref
>>>> is as a CONSTANT_MethodHandle constant."
>>>> - if we extend the bytecodes as above, and we disallow anyone (MethodHandles, bytecodes) from invoking methods on Qtypes, we
>>>> could modify this to disallow Q-types for CONSTANT_Methodref or CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodRef completely.
>>>> - but perhaps you want the MethodHandles to be able to invoke methods on DVTs by dynamically boxing them. This works as long
>>>> as the methods don't assume identity.
>>>>
>>>> 15. Q-types and bytecodes
>>>> We propose modifying anewarray and multianewarray to allow operands that are Q-types.
>>>>
>>>> 16. Value Type Reflection
>>>> With the proposed modifications in #8 above: i.e. leaving the VCC untouched and copying the
>>>> instance fields to the DVT, the VCC now matches the source file.
>>>> So Class.forName() would return the VCC which is the original POJO which fits the backward compatibility model.
>>>> So we don't need a separate SourceClass, but leaving it in the proposal provides implementation flexibility.
>>>>
>>>> 17. Q-type method handles & behaviors "possible bytecode"
>>>> might want to change vnew to vdefault
>>>> these are samples and evolving, so maybe not worth changing
>>>>
>>>> I did not do this level of detailed review for the Future Work yet.
>>>>
>>>> thanks,
>>>> Karen
>>>>
>>>>> On Sep 1, 2016, at 8:08 PM, John Rose <john.r.rose at oracle.com <mailto:john.r.rose at oracle.com>> wrote:
>>>>>
>>>>> On Aug 31, 2016, at 11:59 PM, John Rose <john.r.rose at oracle.com <mailto:john.r.rose at oracle.com>> wrote:
>>>>>>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> I have updated of this document to reflect comments so far.
>>>>>> It is stored to CR (in place) and enclosed here.
>>>>>> — John
>>>>>>
>>>>>> Link: http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/values/shady-values.html <http://cr.openjdk.java.net/~jrose/values/shady-values.html>
>>>>>>
>>>>>> <shady-values.html>
>>>>>
>>>>> I have updated the document again with small corrections and clarifications.
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