RFR: 8310332: Fix -Wconversion warnings in MethodData [v2]

[Coleen Phillimore]

> Please review this change to narrow parameter and return types to avoid implicit casts, add casts where obvious, add checked_cast<> where not obvious and changed the size of a couple parameters to not cast to the smaller size.
> I didn't change TypeProfileWidth and BciProfileWidth because jvmci and SA care about the sizes.
> Tested tier1 all Oracle supported platforms, and tier1-4 linux + windows x64.

Coleen Phillimore has updated the pull request incrementally with one additional commit since the last revision:

  Add a checked_cast<>

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Changes:
  - all: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/14557/files
  - new: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/14557/files/d7ee74d1..594e617d

Webrevs:
 - full: https://webrevs.openjdk.org/?repo=jdk&pr=14557&range=01
 - incr: https://webrevs.openjdk.org/?repo=jdk&pr=14557&range=00-01

  Stats: 1 line in 1 file changed: 0 ins; 0 del; 1 mod
  Patch: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/14557.diff
  Fetch: git fetch https://git.openjdk.org/jdk.git pull/14557/head:pull/14557

PR: https://git.openjdk.org/jdk/pull/14557